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Search results for xi,48 in Adler number:
Headword:
*cenofw=n
Adler number: xi,48
Translated headword: Xenophon
Vetting Status: high
Translation: A pupil of Socrates,[1] he campaigned against the Persians when he went up with Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes. Cyrus had been set up by his father Darius as viceroy of Asia after Tissaphernes. After Darius' death, Artaxerxes was reluctant to kill Cyrus, who had been slandered by Tissaphernes, and released him when his mother Parysatis interceded for him and preserved his army for him.[2] To make war on Tissaphernes, he assembled a force and determined to campaign against his brother. 400 left Cyrus,[3] and out of the members of the expedition 3500 hoplites and dependents fled.
Xenophon went up with them. So he assembled 100,000 barbarians and journeyed against the Pisidians. When he passed through the tribes against which he was pretending to campaign, the Greeks understood that the army was [sc. being sent] against the king, and they shrank from the march up-country. But when
Clearchus said that retreat was impossible if Cyrus did not take part, they went together.[4] Cyrus died battling bare-headed against Tissaphernes even though
Clearchus had advised him not to fight. The Greeks under
Clearchus' command chose Ariaeus as king,[5] but he declined. King [Artaxerxes] then cut off Cyrus' head and hand, and sent to the Greeks, requesting their weapons as if they had been vanquished, but they did not hand them over.[6] Deceitfully Tissaphernes violates his oaths and betrays to the king the Greeks, including
Clearchus and
Meno, whom he kills.[7] And
Xenophon takes command of them and defeats everyone. Ten thousand who survived went to Thrace and hired themselves out to king Seuthes.[8]
*cenofw=n, *swkra/tous maqhth/s, e)strateu/sato e)pi\ *pe/rsas *ku/rw| sunanelqw\n e)pi\ to\n a)delfo\n *)artace/rchn. o( *ku=ros de\ h)=n meta\ *tissafe/rnhn u(/parxos u(po\ *darei/ou tou= patro\s tw=n e)n th=| *)asi/a| katasta/s. meta\ de\ to\n *darei/ou qa/naton *ku=ron *)artace/rchs diablhqe/nta u(po\ *tissafe/rnous a)nairei=n me/llwn a)fh=ke, *parusa/tidos th=s mhtro\s paraithsame/nhs au)to\n kai\ th\n stratia\n au)tw=| fulaca/shs. o( de\ w(s *tissafe/rnei polemw=n h)/qroise du/namin kai\ e)pi\ to\n a)delfo\n e)/gnw strateu/ein. u# de\ kate/lipon to\n *ku=ron kai\ e)/fugon e)k tw=n sustrateusa/ntwn o(pli=tai kai\ peltastai\ #22gf#. *cenofw=n de\ sunane/bh. de/ka ou)=n barba/rwn muria/das sunaqroi/sas w(s e)pi\ *pisi/das dh=qen e)poreu/eto. w(s de\ ta\ e)/qnh dih=lqen, e)f' a(\ strateu/ein proefasi/zeto, sune/ntes oi( *(/ellhnes e)pi\ basile/a ei)=nai th\n stratei/an w)/knoun th\n a)na/basin. *klea/rxou de\ ei)po/ntos th\n u(postrofh\n a)/poron ei)=nai, *ku/rou mh\ sunairome/nou, sunh/|esan. *ku=ros de\ gumnh=| th=| kefalh=| pro\s *tissafe/rnhn maxo/menos, kai/toi *klea/rxou a)pagoreu/ontos au)tw=| mh\ polemei=n, a)pe/qanen. oi( de\ *(/ellhnes u(po\ *klea/rxw| tetagme/noi *)ariai=on proeba/llonto basile/a e(autw=n, o( de\ parh|th/sato. basileu\s de\ th\n tou= *ku/rou kefalh\n kai\ th\n xei=ra a)poko/yas toi=s *(/ellhsin e)/pempe, zhtw=n ta\ o(/pla w(s para\ nenikhme/nwn: oi( de\ ou)k e)/dosan. do/lw| de\ *tissafe/rnhs paraba\s tou\s o(/rkous prodi/dwsi basilei= tou\s *(/ellhnas kai\ *kle/arxon kai\ *me/nwna, ou(\s a)nairei=. kai\ *cenofw=n au)tw=n strathgei= kai\ pa/ntas nika=|. e)lqo/ntes de\ ei)s *qra/|khn e)mi/sqwsan e(autou\s *seu/qh| tw=| basilei= mu/rioi diaswqe/ntes.
Notes:
For
Xenophon see already
xi 47. The source of the present entry's material is unknown (though Adler believed it was the same as that of
xi 54, q.v.).
[1] Socrates:
sigma 829.
[2] Perhaps 'satrapy' rather than 'army': see again
pi 504.
[3] In order to make this tally better with the information provided by
Xenophon himself, K. Muenscher,
Xenophon in der griechisch-römischen Literatur (Leipzig 1920) 221-2 proposed a textual supplement here: "400 left [the king and went to] Cyrus". Adler (following S. Lindstam,
Eranos 24 (1926) 121-2) rejected this; but it has recently been revived by Sarah B. Pomeroy,
Xenophon, Oeconomicus: a social and historical commentary (Oxford 1994) 250-1.
[4] See again
omega 51.
[5] Cyrus's second-in-command at Kounaxa (
Xenophon,
Anabasis 1.8.5).
[6] No object noun is explicit with
e)/pempe. The original translation of this entry gave one, 'them', i.e. Cyrus' head and (right) hand -- which were indeed cut off (
Xenophon,
Anabasis 1.10.1;
Ctesias FGrH 699 F16.64,
Photius' summary;
Plutarch,
Artaxerxes 13.2) and perhaps impaled (
Anabasis 3.1.17, in a speech of
Xenophon himself). However, Prof. Tim Rood, who supplied these references, suggests (to DW) that for Artaxerxes to have sent Cyrus' body-parts to the Greeks, along with his demands, would have been unlikely behaviour on his part -- giving away such a prized possession to his enemies. (Contrast
Polyaenus 7.16.1, where it is to his mother Parysatis that he sends the head of the hated Tissaphernes.) The revised translation takes account of this point. (Parallels for
e)/pempe ... zhtw=n, with envoys or suchlike as tacit object, are numerous: see e.g.
Herodotus 3.44.2,
e)/pempe ... dehso/menos;
Thucydides 7.8.1,
e)/pempe ... a)gge/llwn;
Xenophon,
Hellenica 5.2.38,
e)/pempe ... dida/skwn; and cf. generally LSJ s.v.
pe/mpw, I.4.
[7]
Xenophon,
Anabasis 2.5-6 has a full account of this, including obituaries of all five (
sic) generals.
[8]
sigma 270.
Translated by: James L. P. Butrica â on 15 February 2000@12:15:01.
Vetted by:
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