331-232 BCE. See generally OCD(4) s.v. Cleanthes. He guided the Stoic school after Zeno's death (263-232) and was Chrysippus' master. He is often said to have created few original doctrines, but he supports with fervor the teachings of Zeno, especially his belief that Universe is a living entity and God is the revitalizing principle of the Universe.
[1] An ancient city on the coast of the Troad (present-day NW Turkey).
[2] Krates (c.365-285) was a Theban. In Athens he followed the Cynic Diogenes' model and abandoned all his wealth. He inaugurated the model of wandering cynic philosopher which became particularly popularized in the C2 CE. See further at kappa 2341.
[3] cf. zeta 79.
[4] cf. chi 569.
[5] Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedon (d. 239 BCE).
[6] Metaphors about boxing are usual in some areas of Stoic doctrine, i.e. the description of diathetical system of the Greek verb where the basic opposition is active voice - passive voice, called o)rqh/ 'upright' and u(pti/a 'fallen'. According to the Heliodorean commentary on Dionysius Thrax's Techne grammatike (GG I,3, 401,1), this denomination implies a metaphor abour boxing, which could have originated in Kleanthes' former occupation.
[7] cf. phi 696. It is a play on the word fre/ar 'reservoir', 'the one who draws from a well'. Compare Diogenes Laertius 7.168.
[9] He wrote more than fifty works, from which we have only a few fragments; the most important is the Hymn to Zeus. The main fragments are preserved in Diogenes Laertius and Stobaeus, together with Cicero and Seneca.