[1] This first sentence (from Diogenes Laertius 9.61, citing Ascanius of Abdera) refers to the Skeptic and Stoic philosophical sense of e)poxh/ (LSJ s.v. II.1). On P., see generally pi 3238.
[2] The rest of the entry (which Adler suggested might be from a Life of Pythagoras), deals with e)poxh/ as an astronomical term; see LSJ s.v. III.2.a.
[3] The list of seven 'planets' (including the sun and moon) which now follows -- with its roots in Babylonian astronomy, and its ongoing manifestation in our days of the week -- is also presented, more discursively, in the pseudo-Aristoelian treatise de mundo (On the cosmos), at 392a23-31, though there Sun and Mercury are reversed.
[4] LSJ s.v. fai/nw, A.II.b.
[5] LSJ fae/qw II.3.c. (Confusingly, also a term applied to the moon and, especially, the sun.)
[6] LSJ puro/eis, 2.
[7] epsilon 1910.
[8] LSJ s.v.
[9] As is implied in this closing remark, pure mathematicians made a third and even further subdivisions. For this see e.g. a fragmentary treatise attributed to Diophantus of Alexandria (delta 1219); but even there it is conceded that two divisions are really enough (h(mi=n de\ a)rkei/tw ... e(/ws deute/rwn leptw=n ... diairei=sqai th\n mona/da), 'since this seems to have been sufficient for the ancients, too, as regards the calculations of the ordinary table' (tou=to ga\r kai\ pro\s ta\s tou= proxei/rou kano/nos yhfofori/as e)carkei=n dokei= toi=s palaioi=s).