Induction is an argument that, by means of certain true things,[1]properly infers a truth similar to itself. There are two modes of induction: the one proceeding by contrariety and the one proceeding by reciprocal implication. Now the mode of induction proceeding by contrariety is the one out of which in every answer the contrary to what is asked will be implied. For example, my father is either different from or the same as your father. Thus if your father is different from my father, while being different from a father, he would not be a father. But if he is the same as my father, in being the same as my father, he would be my father. Again: if man is not an animal, he would be either a stone or a piece of wood. But he is not a stone nor a piece of wood, for he is animated and is able to move by himself. In fact, he is an animal. But if he is an animal, and both a dog and an ox are animals, man would be an animal as well, that is to say, he would be a dog and an ox. This is the mode of induction proceeding by contrariety and dispute, the refuting mode. The mode proceeding by reciprocal implication is double: the one which proves by inquiring the particular [conclusion] through the particular.[2] The first one is rhetorical, the second one dialectical. For instance, in the first one it is investigated whether this person killed somebody; the proof that he did is that he was opportunely found with stains of blood on him. And this mode of induction is rhetorical, since rhetoric also deals with particulars and is not concerned with universals. For it inquires not about the just itself but about the particular just acts. The other mode is dialectical, the one where the universal is proved before by means of particulars. For example, whether the soul is immortal, and whether living people come from dead people. This is proved in On the Soul by means of a certain universal [proposition], because the contraries come out of the contraries. And the universal itself is constructed out of certain particular existing things: to sleep comes from waking up and waking up from sleeping, the bigger from the smaller, and the smaller from the bigger.
From the Art of Tactics: e)pagwgh/ again[3] is when a rank is subordinated to another rank. For example, when one tetrarchy leads and the other tetrarchies are subordinated to it, or when the command of a body of mercenaries leads and the other commands of mercenaries follow close upon and, in general, when a body of troops pursues in march another body of troops. As a result the commanders of the succeeding body attach themselves to the back-markers of the body which is leading the way.
From the Topics:[4] induction and deduction (sullogismo/s) are instruments of the dialectical arguments, according to which practice (or training) arises. And the mode of proof[5] by means of the universal is deductive, while the mode of proof by means of the things subordinated to the universal is inductive. The enthymeme is subordinated to deduction and the proof from example[6] is subordinated to induction. And the enthymeme is a rhetorical deduction, the proof from example a rhetorical induction. And induction is the progress by means of particulars up to the universals.[7] Therefore, those who maintain that induction is an argument which proceeds from the similar to the similar do not speak soundly. For the universal is not similar to what is subordinated to it. And induction is mostly for the sake of the mode of proof proper of the universal. But the argument proceeding from the similar to the similar would rather mean the proof from example, for an induction is the argument which proves and confirms the universal by means of particulars. In effect, the one who proves by means of universals that the best among everyone is he who knows because of capturing that the best pilot is the one who has knowledge and, likewise the best charioteer, general, and also the best physician, geometer, musician, carpenter, that person yields the mode of proof by means of induction due to the fact that the one who knows is the best one among everyone.[8]