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Headword:
A
a
Adler number: alpha,1
Translated headword: ah! ah!
Vetting Status: high
Translation: In
Aristophanes an adverb accompanying surprise and command. "Ah! ah! Don't get that torch near me!"[1]
'Ah! ah!' must be read separately, not elided; and they both have smooth breathing.[2]. For if they were read together as one word, there would be no need of two accent marks.[3] "Ah" marks surprise, but "ha ha" is for awe, as
Agathias says in the
Epigrams: "ha, a very daring wax it was that formed..."[4]
Aab.[5]
Greek Original:#
Notes:
[1]
Aristophanes,
Plutus [
Wealth] 1052 (web address 1). The first sentence is derived from
scholia to this passage, and this may also be true of the rest of the entry.
[2] That is, it is "ah! ah!", not "ha! ha!" A difference registered in Greek by the orientation of a small breathing mark that is easily reversed in transcription, especially since by the time the Suda was compiled the initial 'h' had ceased to be pronounced.
[3] i.e.
a)\ a)/ is two words,
a)a/ would be one.
[4]
Greek Anthology 1.34.2; again (with slight variations) at
mu 389 and
sigma 664.
[5] This gloss-less addendum is actually a separate entry that occurs only in ms S. (In Adler's numbering system this is designated
alpha 1b, while the main entry is
alpha 1a.) Apparently this is a reference to the Hebrew month of Av, attested with this Greek spelling only in Joannes Lydus,
De mensibus 3.22.
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: chronology; comedy; dialects, grammar, and etymology; poetry
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 9 November 1999@09:47:43.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Aages
Adler number: alpha,2
Translated headword: unbroken, unbreakable
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning something] unshattered,[1] strong.
Greek Original:Aages: athrauston, ischuron.
Notes:
= Apollonius Sophistes,
Lexicon Homericum 2.4. Likewise in
Hesychius alpha7;
Photius,
Lexicon alpha4 Theodoridis;
Etymologicum Gudianum 1.12. This form of the adjective is the neuter nominative/accusative singular, as at
Homer,
Odyssey 11.575 (web address 1).
All but the last word of this entry is absent from ms M (=
Marcianus 448), as are the last several words of
alpha 1 (a and b).
[1] cf.
alpha 750.
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; poetry
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 20 August 1998@17:55:22.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Aadein
Adler number: alpha,3
Translated headword: to disturb
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] to harass, to be at a loss, to be treated unjustly,[1] to go hungry.
Greek Original:Aadein: ochlein, aporein, adikeisthai, asitein.
Notes:
Same entry in other lexica: Apollonius'
Homeric Lexicon (2.14),
Hesychius alpha10,
Photius alpha5 Theodoridis, and cf.
Etymologicum Gudianum 1.15. The headword is otherwise unattested -- and the range of active and passive meanings suggests that the lexicographers may have been guessing at a meaning, perhaps on the basis of the (not improbable, but see Chantraine s.v.
a)ada) etymology of
a-privative +
a(d- ('please', 'delight').
[1] This third gloss is absent from ms M (=
Marcianus 448).
Reference:
P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, ed. 2 Paris 2009.
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; food
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@08:53:07.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Aalion
Adler number: alpha,4
Translated headword: undisciplined
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning something] disorderly, powerless.[1]
But a(/lion [means] in vain.[2]
Greek Original:Aalion: atakton, akrates. Halion de to mataion.
Notes:
[1] Up to this point the entry = Apollonius Sophistes,
Homeric Lexicon 2.14, and
Photius,
Lexicon alpha6 Theodoridis; cf. also
Hesychius alpha17. The headword is unattested outside lexica and grammars (and attested there only in this neuter singular nominative/accusative form, presumably quoted from somewhere). Schwyzer in
DGE suggests an etymology from alpha-privative + the root of
a(/lis ('sufficient').
[2] This addendum, for which cf.
alpha 1237, is lacking in ms S (= Vaticanus 1296).
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@16:46:59.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Aaptos
Adler number: alpha,5
Translated headword: irresistable, invulnerable
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning someone/something] unharmed.
Herodianus[1] says about
a)/aptos that it comes from
i)a/ptw ['I harm'], and after adding alpha-privative and dropping the 'i' [it becomes]
a)/aptos, "whom no one can harm." Or perhaps the 'a' is not to be taken as negative but as intensifying, so it would be "one who has great power to harm." Thus the first has a passive sense, the second an active. With the negative prefix it also means "one who is untouched."[2]
Greek Original:Aaptos: ablabês. Hêrôdianos phêsi peri tou aaptos, hoti gignetai apo tou iaptô to blaptô, kai meta tou sterêtikou a kai kat' elleipsin tou i aaptos, hon oudeis dunatai blapsai. ê ouchi kata sterêsin eklêpteon to a, alla kat' epitasin, hin' êi ho megala dunamenos blaptein. hôste to men prôton dêloi pathos, to de deuteron energeian. legetai de kai aaptos kata sterêsin ho apsaustos.
Notes:
This form of the headword, the nominative singular masculine/feminine, is unattested outside lexicography; however, plural forms occur frequently in hexameter poetry, in the formula
xei=res a)/aptoi or
xei=ras a)a/ptous (usually interpreted as 'irresistable hands'); e.g.
Homer,
Iliad 8.450 (web address 1).
[1] The etymological comments that follow occur only in mss G (= Parisinus 2623) and T (= Vaticanus 881); cf.
Herodianus 3.2.30.
[2] This etymology, alpha-privative +
a(/ptomai ('touch'), is the one most commonly accepted nowadays. See LSJ s.v. (web address 2) and Schwyzer,
DGE. Yet there is reason for doubt, and the correct Homeric form (attested already by
Aristophanes of
Byzantium) may actually be
a)ept-. See Chantraine s.v.
a)/aptos.
Reference:
P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, ed. 2 Paris 2009.
Associated internet addresses:
Web address 1,
Web address 2
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; poetry
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@16:48:12.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Aasamên
Adler number: alpha,7
Translated headword: I was addled
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] I did wrong, I slipped up;[1] I was damaged,[2] in the sense of "I was overcome by folly."
Greek Original:Aasamên: hêmarton, esphalên: eblabên, hoion atêi periepeson.
Notes:
The headword is the first person singular, aorist indicative middle/passive, of
a)a/w (LSJ entry at web address 1). It is found frequently in epic poetry, e.g.
Homer Iliad 9.116 (web address 2).
[1] Up to this point the entry =
Synagoge (Codex B) alpha3 (
Lexica Segueriana 3.8 Bachmann).
[2] From here on the entry is very similar to Apollonius Sophistes,
Homeric Lexicon 1.19, and
Hesychius alpha25.
Associated internet addresses:
Web address 1,
Web address 2
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; ethics; poetry; religion
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@16:50:10.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Aasai
Adler number: alpha,8
Translated headword: to harm, to infatuate
Vetting Status: high
Translation: has four meanings: to glut,[1] to go to sleep,[2] to harm, to cause pain.
Greek Original:Aasai tessara sêmainei: koresai, kathupnôsai, blapsai, lupêsai.
Notes:
The headword is aorist active infinitive, glossed with four others. The entry =
Photius,
Lexicon alpha9 Theodoridis, and similar material can be found in
Synagoge (Codex B) alpha4 (
Lexica Segueriana 3.5-7). Compare also
Etymologicum Gudianum 1.8. This particular form is unattested outside lexicography, though it appears as an entry in Apollonius Sophistes,
Homeric Lexicon 2.5, and is presumably related to such Homeric forms as we find at
alpha 7.
[1] This meaning is unattested for the verb
a)a/w (LSJ entry at web address 1), except that the verb is used for the effect of overindulgence in wine.
[2] In that one loses consciousness and control in sleep, as in
Homer Odyssey 10.68 (web address 2).
Associated internet addresses:
Web address 1,
Web address 2
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; poetry
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@16:55:13.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Aaschetos
Adler number: alpha,9
Translated headword: irresistible
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Something someone/something] uncontrollable.[1]
Greek Original:Aaschetos: akratêtos.
Notes:
A word from epic poetry, e.g.
Homer,
Iliad 5.892 (web address 1), with metrical reduplication of the initial alpha (cf. LSJ s.v.
a)/sxetos at web address 2). The headword and the gloss are both masculine/feminine nominative singular.
[1] A related but not identical word (
a)katakra/thton) is used to gloss the neuter form of the headword at
Etymologicum Magnum 1.32.
Associated internet addresses:
Web address 1,
Web address 2
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; meter and music; poetry
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@16:55:57.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abba
Adler number: alpha,10
Translated headword: Abba, Father
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The ancients called God "Father" from a feeling of relationship.
Moses said, "You have forsaken God who begot you."[1] And Malachi: "One God begot us and is our father."[2] They were in a state of grace, moved by the force of the Spirit. Just as there is the Spirit of wisdom by which fools have become wise (for this is clear from the teachings), and the Spirit of power by which they raised both the weak and the dead, and the Spirit of prophecy, and the Spirit of tongues, so also there is the Spirit of adoption.[3] And just as we know the Spirit of prophecy, through which one who has it is moved by grace to tell the future, so also the Spirit of adoption, through which one moved by the Spirit calls God "Father." One who wishes to show that this is most legitimate even used a Hebrew word. For he did not say "Father" but "Abba the Father." This is the word used especially by legitimate children for their father.[4]
Greek Original:Abba: ho patêr. hoi men palaioi ekaloun patera ton theon ex oikeias dianoias, hôs Môüsês: theon ton gennêsanta se enkatelipes: kai Malachias: ho theos heis egennêsen hêmas kai patêr: hoi de en chariti, apo pneumatikês energeias kinoumenoi. hôsper pneuma sophias einai, kath' ho sophoi hoi asophoi egenonto [kai dêloutai touto apo tês didaskalias] kai pneuma dunameôs einai, kath' ho kai astheneis kai nekrous êgeiron, kai pneuma prophêteias, kai pneuma glôssôn, houtô kai pneuma huiothesias. kai hôsper ismen to pneuma tês prophêteias, aph' hôn ho echôn auto legei ta mellonta hupo tês charitos kinoumenos, houtô dê kai pneuma huiothesias, aph' hou ho labôn patera kalei ton theon, hupo pneumatos kinoumenos. ho dê boulomenos deixai gnêsiôtaton on kai têi tôn Hebraiôn echrêsato glôttêi. ou gar eipen ho patêr, all' abba ho patêr: hoper tôn paidôn malista esti tôn gnêsiôn pros patera rhêma.
Notes:
A paraphrase of St. John Chrysostom,
Homily on the Epistle to the Romans PG 60.527.
(Entry placed after
alpha 16, Adler reports, in mss GTMB.)
[1]
Deuteronomy 32:18
LXX (web address 1).
[2] An approximation of
Malachi 2:10
LXX (web address 2).
[3] cf.
Ep.Romans 8:15 (web address 3).
[4] On "Abba," see also
alpha 12.
Associated internet addresses:
Web address 1,
Web address 2,
Web address 3
Keywords: children; Christianity; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; medicine; religion
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@16:57:30.
Vetted by:Samuel Huskey (added links to Bible, changed "sonship" to "filiation") on 15 July 2000@15:01:55.
Catharine Roth (Altered wording.) on 29 July 2000@23:15:23.
David Whitehead (added keyword; cosmetics) on 11 July 2003@08:51:36.
David Whitehead (another keyword) on 6 October 2005@08:51:18.
William Hutton (tweaked translation, augmented notes, fixed broken links, added keywords, set status) on 20 August 2007@10:15:40.
Catharine Roth (upgraded links) on 5 August 2013@01:15:24.
David Whitehead (another note; cosmetics) on 28 March 2014@06:14:49.
Catharine Roth (tweaked translation, added cross-reference) on 28 March 2014@12:15:01.
David Whitehead (coding) on 15 August 2015@07:24:11.
Catharine Roth (tweaked note 2) on 9 February 2024@01:30:43.
Headword:
Abakêsan
Adler number: alpha,11
Translated headword: they kept quiet
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] they were unaware, they did not understand.
Greek Original:Abakêsan: êgnoêsan, êsunetêsan.
Note:
The headword is the third person plural, aorist indicative active, of
a)bake/w. This form is found only in
Homer,
Odyssey 4.249 (web address 1), and the many lexicographical notices generated by it. Of those the most similar to this entry are
Photius,
Lexicon alpha22 Theodoridis, and
Etymologicum Magnum 2.30-31. Compare also Apollonius Sophistes,
Homeric Lexicon 2.16;
Hesychius alpha54. The glosses offered here and elsewhere probably represent semantic extrapolation from the Homeric context: When Odysseus comes in disguise to
Troy, Helen knows who he is but the rest of the people in
Troy a)ba/khsan. The translation of the headword, on the other hand, reflects the verb's probable etymological connection with the verb
ba/zw 'speak', and the adjective
a)bakh/s ('speechless', 'tranquil'). Cf. Chantraine s.v.
a)bakh/s, a connection that is sometimes mentioned as a possibility in the ancient scholarship.
Reference:
P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, ed. 2. Paris 2009.
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; poetry
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@16:58:43.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abbakoum
Adler number: alpha,12
Translated headword: Habakkuk, Abbakoum, Avvakoum
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [A name meaning] father of awakening. For the [word] abba means father,[1] and koum means awakening.[2] So also in the Holy Gospel: "Talitha, koum," that is, "young girl, get up."[3] From which [it is] clear that Abbakoum must be written with double b.[4]
Greek Original:Abbakoum: patêr egerseôs. to men gar abba sêmainei patêr, to de koum egersis: hôs kai para tôi theiôi euangeliôi: talêtha, koum, êgoun hê pais egeirou. hothen dêlon, hoti dia tôn duo bb grapteon to Abbakoum.
Notes:
An etymology for the name of the prophet Habakkuk (in the
Septuagint, Ambakoum or Avvakoum), based on two Aramaic words found in the New Testament. The Suda is drawing from older onomastica; the same etymology is found in the Origenistic lexicon (see bibliography).
[1] See already
alpha 10. The Hebrew/Aramaic אבּא
abba means "father".
[2] The Hebrew/Aramaic קום
kūm means "arise"; it can also be used to mean "awake".
[3]
Mark 5:41 (web address 1); not in the other Gospels, but several times in patristic literature.
[4] The Suda is correct. The doubling of the בּ is indicated by its dot (dagesh); unlike Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic do not replicate doubled letters.
Reference:
Paul de Lagarde, Onomastica Sacra, p. 200, line 14-15
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: children; Christianity; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; gender and sexuality; imagery; religion; women
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@16:59:43.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abale
Adler number: alpha,13
Translated headword: would that
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] o that.[1] "Would that [...]."[2]
Greek Original:Abale: eithe abale.
Notes:
For the headword see LSJ s.v.
a)/bale (web address 1). The entry =
Photius,
Lexicon alpha26 Theodoridis, and, with the exception of the repetition of the headword within the entry (see note 2), also
Synagoge alpha1 (
Lexica Segueriana 3.10),
Hesychius (s.v.
a)/ ba/le, alpha60) and Apollonius Sophistes,
Homeric Lexicon 2.15. The word does not occur in the extant text of
Homer, but there are other literary attestations including
Callimachus fr. 619 Pfeiffer, and
Greek Anthology 7.583.1 (
Agathias Scholasticus).
cf. generally
alpha 14.
[1] For more on
ei)/qe see
epsiloniota 55.
[2] Apparently the beginning of a quotation, perhaps from one of the works mentioned above; otherwise the repetition of the headword is hard to explain. See Theodoridis' note.
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; poetry
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 22 August 1998@12:45:11.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abalen
Adler number: alpha,14
Translated headword: threw
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [a)/balen is found] meaning e)/balen.
Greek Original:Abalen: anti tou ebalen.
Note:
Likewise in other lexica; see the references at
Photius alpha27 Theodoridis. The headword variant -- for the aorist indicative active of
ba/llw, third person singular -- is otherwise unattested.
Keyword: dialects, grammar, and etymology
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 22 August 1998@12:46:22.
Vetted by:William Hutton (Cosmetics, modified note, raised status) on 18 January 2001@09:28:41.
Robert Dyer (Added a reference to the form of the Headword with a different accent, and another Keyword. Raised status.) on 9 February 2002@15:59:31.
David Whitehead (x-ref; cosmetics) on 2 August 2004@10:16:30.
Catharine Roth (tweaks) on 20 December 2010@22:16:54.
David Whitehead (tweaks) on 18 December 2011@10:33:55.
Catharine Roth (punctuation) on 18 December 2011@10:56:45.
David Whitehead (streamlined note) on 16 August 2013@06:21:47.
Headword:
Abanteios
Adler number: alpha,15
Translated headword: Abanteios, Abantius, Abantian
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The [house][1] of Abas.[2] Also [attested is] Abantiades.[3]
Greek Original:Abanteios: ho tou Abantos. kai Abantiadês.
Notes:
Adler cites as a comparandum
Lexicon Ambrosianum 22, 23, 28.
[1] This suppletion is suggested by the corresponding entry in the
Lexicon of pseudo-
Zonaras 5.1, which is identical to this entry apart from the headword phrase: vs.
*)aba/nteios here, ps.-
Zonaras has
*)aba/nteios do/mos ('Abantian house'). The headword here could serve as a modifier for any substantive of the masculine gender, including a son or descendant, as is suggested by the subsequent reference to a patronymic form. The adjective is unattested outside of grammars and lexica, and ps.-
Zonaras provides the only example of it modifying a specific substantive.
Stephanus of
Byzantium in his entry on 'Abantis', an early name for Euboea (cf. Hesiod fr. 296 Merkelbach-West), notes it as the possessive adjective relating to the Abantes or to their legendary founder Abas, whom
Stephanos identifies either as the son of Lynkeus (see note 2 below) or a homonymous son of Poseidon. Cf. also
Herodianus Peri orthographias 3.2.429.34 and 465.14.
[2] Not the Abas of
alpha 20, but one of the mythological figures of that name; in fact almost certainly A. the son of Lynkeus, king of Argos [
Myth,
Place] after Danaos and father of the twins Akrisios and Proitos (
Pausanias 2.16.2 (web address 1);
Apollodorus,
Library 2.2.1 (web address 2)).
[3] This term is used by (e.g.) Ovid both for an actual son of Abas (
Metamorphoses 4.607 (Acrisius): web address 3) and in the sense of a more distant descendant (4.673 (Perseus, great-grandson of Abas; cf.
pi 1372): web address 4).
Associated internet addresses:
Web address 1,
Web address 2,
Web address 3,
Web address 4
Keywords: biography; dialects, grammar, and etymology; geography; mythology; poetry
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 22 August 1998@12:47:27.
Vetted by:William Hutton (Entered headword, modified note, added keywords, raised status) on 18 January 2001@09:34:40.
David Whitehead (augmented and modified note; added keyword) on 27 February 2003@07:23:08.
David Whitehead (tweaked tr; augmented notes and keywords; raised status) on 23 August 2007@07:12:31.
William Hutton (augmented notes, tweaked translation) on 23 August 2007@13:11:02.
William Hutton (tweaks and typos) on 24 August 2007@02:44:20.
Jennifer Benedict (cosmetics) on 24 March 2008@23:38:57.
Catharine Roth (upgraded links) on 5 August 2013@01:08:34.
Headword:
Abaxi
Adler number: alpha,16
Translated headword: [in/on/with] planks, abacuses
Vetting Status: high
Translation: What we call a)ba/kia.[1] The Lawmaker [says] in the Martyrdom of Saint Thecla: "Tryphaina was overcome by suffering, and was seen lying like the dead on the slabs."[2] So he says.
Greek Original:Abaxi: tois par' hêmin legomenois abakiois. ho Logothetês en tôi tês hagias Theklês marturiôi: Truphaina de pathei lêphtheisa nekrois homoia pros tois abaxin hôrato keimenê. houtô phêsin.
Notes:
This entry occurs after
alpha 17 in ms A (= Parisinus 2625), after
alpha 9 in ms S (= Vaticanus 1296) and in the margin of ms D (Bodleianus Auct. V 52).
[1] The given form is a dative plural of
a)/bac, ("abacus"), and the lexicographer explains it by reference to the diminutive
a)ba/kion. The primary sense is a table topped by a slab, or the slab itself; a "calculator" is a secondary meaning.
[2] Symeon Metaphrastes (also known as the Logothete ('Lawmaker'))
Patrologia Graeca 115.837c. On Thecla, see
theta 102.
Keywords: biography; Christianity; dialects, grammar, and etymology; gender and sexuality; history; mathematics; religion; science and technology; women
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 22 August 1998@12:53:59.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abaptos
Adler number: alpha,17
Translated headword: untempered
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] most/very unsharpened.[1]
Also [sc. attested is the superlative] a)bapto/tatos.[2]
Greek Original:Abaptos: astomôtatos. kai Abaptotatos.
Notes:
The headword is unattested outside lexicography.
[1] Similar glossing in other lexica (references at
Photius alpha28 Theodoridis), except that the original form of the gloss, in Cyril, seems simply to be
a)sto/mwtos ('unsharpened'), not this superlative of a different but potentially synonymous adjective
a)/stomos. Cyril's reading has been adopted in Latte's text of
Hesychius and Theodoridis' of
Photius.
[2] Only in ms A (= Parisinus 2625). This superlative form of the headword is attested only here.
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; science and technology
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 22 August 1998@12:54:56.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abaris
Adler number: alpha,18
Translated headword: Abaris, Avars
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Scythian, son of Seuthes. He wrote the so-called Scythinian Oracles[1] and Marriage of the river Hebros and Purifications and a Theogony in prose and Arrival of Apollo among the Hyperboreans in meter. He came from Scythia to Greece.
The legendary arrow belongs to him, the one he flew on from Greece to Hyperborean Scythia. It was given to him by Apollo.[2]
Gregory the Theologian mentioned this man in his Epitaphios for Basil the Great.[3]
They say[4] that once, when there was a plague throughout the entire inhabited world, Apollo told the Greeks and barbarians who had come to consult his oracle that the Athenian people should make prayers on behalf of all of them. So, many peoples sent ambassadors to them, and Abaris, they say, came as ambassador of the Hyperboreans in the third Olympiad.[5]
[Note] that the Bulgarians thoroughly destroyed the Avars[6] by force.
[Note] that these Avars drove out the Sabinorians, when they themselves had been expelled by peoples living near the shore of the Ocean, who left their own land when a mist formed in the flood of the Ocean and a crowd of griffins appeared; the story was that they would not stop until they had devoured the race of men. So the people driven away by these monsters invaded their neighbors. As the invaders were stronger, the others submitted and left, just as the Saragurians, when they were driven out, went to the Akatziri Huns.[7]
The declension is Abaris, Abaridos [genitive singular], Abaridas [accusative plural], and with apocope Abaris [also accusative plural, with a long iota].
See about these things under 'Bulgarians'.[8]
Greek Original:Abaris: Skuthês, Seuthou huios. sunegrapsato de chrêsmous tous kaloumenous Skuthinous kai Gamon Hebrou tou potamou kai Katharmous kai Theogonian katalogadên kai Apollônos aphixin eis Huperboreous emmetrôs. hêke de ek Skuthôn eis Hellada. toutou ho muthologoumenos oïstos, tou petomenou apo tês Hellados mechri tôn Huperboreôn Skuthôn: edothê de autôi para tou Apollônos. toutou kai Grêgorios ho Theologos en tôi eis ton megan Basileion Epitaphiôi mnêmên pepoiêtai. phasi de hoti loimou kata pasan tên oikoumenên gegonotos aneilen ho Apollôn manteuomenois Hellêsi kai barbarois ton Athênaiôn dêmon huper pantôn euchas poiêsasthai. presbeuomenôn de pollôn ethnôn pros autous, kai Abarin ex Huperboreôn presbeutên aphikesthai legousi kata tên g# Olumpiada. hoti tous Abaris hoi Boulgaroi kata kratos ardên êphanisan. hoti hoi Abaris houtoi exêlasan Sabinôras, metanastai genomenoi hupo ethnôn oikountôn men tên parôkeanitin aktên, tên de chôran apolipontôn dia to ex anachuseôs tou Ôkeanou homichlôdes ginomenon, kai grupôn de plêthos anaphanen: hoper ên logos mê proteron pausasthai prin ê boran poiêsai to tôn anthrôpôn genos. dio dê hupo tônde elaunomenoi tôn deinôn tois plêsiochôrois eneballon: kai tôn epiontôn dunatôterôn ontôn hoi tên ephodon huphistamenoi metanistanto, hôsper kai hoi Saragouroi elathentes pros tois Akatirois Ounnois egenonto. klinetai de Abaris, Abaridos, tous Abaridas, kai kata apokopên Abaris. zêtei peri tôn autôn en tôi Boulgaroi.
Notes:
See generally A.H. Griffiths in OCD(4) p.1: "legendary devotee of Apollo from the far north, a shamanistic missionary and saviour-figure like
Aristeas [
alpha 3900]". Adler credits this part of the entry to the
Epitome Onomatologi Hesychii Milesii.
[1] Or in one manuscript, 'Skythian'.
[2] Perhaps from a scholion on the passage about to be cited (so Adler). Cf.
Herodotos 4.36.1 (web address 1).
[3] Gregory of Nazianzus PG 36.524b.
[4] This material is from Harpokration s.v.
*)/abaris
[5] 768-765 BCE. Harpokration (see preceding note) cites Hippostratos (FGrH 568 F4) to this effect, but adds that there were later alternatives: the twenty-first Olympiad (696-693) or "the time of Croesus, king of
Lydia" (so
Pindar, fr.270 Snell-Maehler), i.e. c.560-546.
[6] The word used for the Avars here,
*)aba/ris, is a homograph for the name of the Hyperborean wise man Abaris, so this separate section on the Avars is included in this entry. There is no indication that the lexicographer sees any connection between the two topics. In mid-C6 CE the Avars were a nomadic people of the steppe north of the Black Sea; cf.
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium s.v. Avars. On the territories of the Avars and of their surrounding ethnic groups in the epoch of Justinian (cf.
iota 446 generally), see Louth (110, map).
[7]
Priscus fr.30 FHG (4.104), still 30 Bornmann. The final part reappears at
alpha 820 and
sigma 111.
[8]
beta 423.
References:
RE Abaris (1) I.16-17
Macartney, C.A. "On the Greek Sources for the History of the Turks in the Sixth Century." BSOAS 11 (1944): 266-275
A.P. Kazhdan, ed. et al., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, (Oxford 1991)
A. Louth, "Justinian and His Legacy," in J. Shepard, ed., The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492, (Cambridge 2008) 99-129.
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: biography; Christianity; dialects, grammar, and etymology; geography; historiography; history; mythology; philosophy; poetry; religion; rhetoric
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 21 August 1998@17:03:41.
Vetted by:William Hutton (Modified translation and notes, added keywords, set status.) on 19 January 2001@14:57:43.
David Whitehead (augmented notes and bibliography; cosmetics) on 9 February 2001@05:20:43.
David Whitehead (added note) on 14 February 2001@06:09:48.
Mihai Olteanu (The only thracian item concerning Abaris is his father's name. Everything else pledes for his sythian ('hyperborean') origin. This is why I suppose we deal here with a copist mistake, and I propose the emendation: ́Αβαρις: Σκύθης, *Σκύθου υἱός (for Σκύθης as mythological character, see for example Herodotos 4,10).) on 22 January 2002@21:55:20.
David Whitehead (augmented notes and keywords; cosmetics) on 23 January 2002@03:11:25.
David Whitehead (augmented n.6 and added a keyword) on 5 October 2004@03:21:13.
William Hutton (augmented notes, added link and keywords, set status) on 24 August 2007@11:05:00.
Jennifer Benedict (cosmeticule) on 25 March 2008@00:16:43.
David Whitehead (another note; cosmetics) on 28 March 2014@06:23:27.
David Whitehead (updated a ref) on 29 July 2014@12:06:21.
David Whitehead (updated a ref) on 31 January 2015@09:22:24.
Catharine Roth (tweaked translation) on 18 February 2024@01:49:17.
Ronald Allen (expanded n.6, added further bibliography) on 21 August 2024@11:18:37.
Headword:
Abarnis
Adler number: alpha,19
Translated headword: Abarnis
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Name of a city.
Greek Original:Abarnis: onoma poleôs.
Notes:
Same entry, according to Adler, in the
Ambrosian Lexicon (74), and cf. more generally the
scholia to Apollonius Rhodius,
Argonautica 1.932 (where the genitive case occurs), on which see further below.
Abarnis lay on the southern shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmara), between
Parion and
Lampsakos; Barrington Atlas map 51 grid H4. According to
Stephanus of
Byzantium s.v.
*)/abarnos (sic), Abarnos and Aparnis were also attested versions of its name.
A scholium to Apollonius Rhodius,
Argonautica 1.932 (repeated in more legible form in
Etymologicum Magnum 2.11-28) provides an etymological explanation of the origin of the name in Aphrodite's refusal (
a)parnh/sasqai) to recognize her offspring Priapos, who was born in the region.
Keywords: children; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; gender and sexuality; geography; mythology; religion; women
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 22 August 1998@12:55:54.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abasanistos
Adler number: alpha,21
Translated headword: untested
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning someone/something] unexercised or unexamined, unscrutinized. The word comes from the test of the goldsmith's stone, on which they scrutinize gold.[1]
Aelian in his
On Providence used the word 'untested' to mean 'without pain'.[2]
Greek Original:Abasanistos: agumnastos ê anexetastos, adokimastos. eirêtai de apo tês basanou tês chrusochoïkês lithou, en hêi dokimazousi to chrusion. echrêsato de Ailianos en tôi peri pronoias tôi abasanistos anti tou aneu odunês.
Notes:
=
Synagoge alpha4 (
Lexica Segueriana 3.14);
Photius,
Lexicon alpha30 Theodoridis; perhaps ultimately derived in part from
Phrynichus (
Praeparatio rhetorica fr. 39 de Borries); cf.
Hesychius alpha89 and a cluster of related entries:
alpha 2276,
Hesychius alpha4899,
Synagoge alpha589,
Photius alpha1845.
[1]
*ba/sanos can mean both the touchstone itself and the testing process. See
beta 139, and cf.
beta 137.
[2]
Aelian fr.9 Hercher (= 9 Domingo-Forasté). The version of the entry at
Synagoge alpha4 includes the information that this is from the third book of the work in question.
Keywords: athletics; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; imagery; law; philosophy; rhetoric; science and technology; trade and manufacture
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 22 August 1998@12:58:18.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abaton
Adler number: alpha,23
Translated headword: inaccessible
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning something] sacred, unapproachable, desolate;[1] also an 'inaccessible' road, [meaning] impassable.
Greek Original:Abaton: hieron, aprositon, erêmon: kai hodos abatos, hê aporeutos.
Notes:
The headword is the neuter singular form of this adjective, which, as a substantive, can be used for the
adyton of a temple or shrine.
[1] Up to this point the entry =
Synagoge alpha5, and
Photius,
Lexicon alpha31 Theodoridis; cf.
Hesychius alpha91 (where Latte confidently asserts that the headword is quoted from
Euripides,
Bacchae 10).
Keywords: architecture; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; geography; religion; tragedy
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 23 August 1998@16:21:29.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abachthanê
Adler number: alpha,24
Translated headword: abakhthani
Vetting Status: high
Translation: A Hebrew expression.
Greek Original:Abachthanê: lexis Hebraïkê.
Notes:
Strictly speaking the headword is a truncated Aramaic, rather than Hebrew, term. Its proper form in Greek transliteration is
sabaxqa/ni and translates "you have forsaken me." The term occurs at
Matthew 27:46 and
Mark 15:34, where Jesus on the cross quotes
Psalm 21:2
LXX (22:2 MT): "God, my God, ... why have you forsaken me?" (see
eta 210). For the Hebrew, see Kohlenberger, 3.367. In Aramaic, "why have you forsaken me" is למא שבקתני
lama šaḇaqtani. The Suda has carelessly disassociated the sigma, creating in effect "lamas aḇaqtani or
a)baxqanh--a clear signal that the compiler was unfamiliar with Aramaic. The Psalmic Hebrew original is עזבתני
'azaḇtani, from עזב
ʿazaḇ "forsake, forget". For the triliteral root citation, see Brown, Driver, and Briggs, 736ff. For
šaḇaqtani (from שבק
šeḇaq), see Perschbacher, 364; Danker, 909.
The Suda item has a circumflex accent on the final syllable. In the Hebrew עזבתני
ʿazaḇtani, the accent falls on the penultimate syllable (
-ta-), consistent with perfects suffixed with a first person singular pronoun; for this, see Kelley, 154.A; Gesenius, 155(58.1). So in the Aramaic, the accent falls on the penultimate syllable (
-ta-). That said, the accent in Greek transliteration is inconsistent. Perschbacher places it over the final iota (
sabaxqani/) in the headword; however, his citation from
The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text (1982) places the accent over the penultimate (
sabaxqa/ni). In addition, Perschbacher offers the transliteration
sabaxqanei/ from
The New Testament in the Original Greek (1881). Danker places the accent over the penultimate syllable.
Phonologically, the Aramaic shin (ש
š /ʃ/) cannot be accommodated by Greek, which must substitute sigma. For a parallel instance, see
omega 182 (note 47). Both chi (for Aramaic ק qaf) and theta (for Aramaic ת taw) function as aspirated plosives (equivalent to English "kit" and "top"). See Allen, 16-17. The theta is noteworthy insofar as its sound value parallels that of the taw (ת) in
šaḇaqtani, hardened by silent shewa and dagesh lene. Moreover, the Aramaic in Greek transliteration bolsters the linguistic argument for the compound "chi-theta" as successive aspirated plosives. See Allen, 24-27. Aramaic taw, like its Hebrew counterpart, otherwise has a "th" (as in "both") value. See "Aramaic" in
Encyclopaedia Judaica, 3.263; a modern descriptive approach is found in "Aramaic" (Kaufman). For theta as a fricative in Hebrew transliteration, see
omega 182 (note 47).
That the Suda terminates the headword with eta rather than iota (paralleling the Aramaic khireq-yod or long "i") showcases a phonological shift in Greek. By the 3rd century CE, the Greek letters eta, and the digraph epsilon-iota (note the -
ei alternative in Perschbacher) were sounded like iota. See Allen, 74. The Suda compiler viewed eta as the more elegant solution. This feature bears directly on the Suda's own taxonomy: the homophones epsilon-iota, eta, and iota follow zeta in the Suda's alphabetical scheme (antistoichia). See "Suidas" in the
Encyclopaedia Britannica, XXVI.51.
References:
Allen, W.S. Vox Graeca. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1968
"Aramaic" in Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jerusalem: Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1973
Brown, F., Driver, S.R., and Briggs, C.A. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1951
Danker, F.W. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2000
Kautzsch, E. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910
Kelley, P.H. Biblical Hebrew: An Introductory Grammar. Grand Rapids: William B. Erdmans, 1992
Kohlenberger, J.R. The Interlinear Hebrew-English Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987
Kaufman, S.A. "Aramaic" in Hetzron, R. The Semitic Languages. New York: Routledge, 1997
Perschbacher, W.J. The New Analytical Greek Lexicon. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1996
"Suidas" in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1910
Keywords: Christianity; chronology; dialects, grammar, and etymology; poetry; religion
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 4 December 1999@16:23:20.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abdelukta
Adler number: alpha,25
Translated headword: unhateful [things]
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] those which do not cause pollution, at which one would not feel disgust or hatred. The word [is] somewhat tragic.[1]
Aeschylus in
Myrmidons [writes]: "indeed, for I love them, they are unhateful to me."[2]
Greek Original:Abdelukta: ta mê miainonta, ha ouk an tis bdeluchtheiê kai duscheraneie. tragikôtera de hê lexis. Aischulos Murmidosi: kai mên, philô gar, abdelukt' emoi tade.
Notes:
The headword, presumably extracted from the quotation given, is neuter plural of this adjective.
cf. generally (by way of opposites)
beta 197,
beta 198,
beta 199,
beta 200,
beta 201, etc.
=
Photius,
Lexicon alpha33 Theodoridis (
Phrynichus,
Praeparatio Sophistica fr. 40), and very similar to
Synagoge (Codex B) alpha12; cf.
Hesychius alpha94.
[1] cf.
tau 659.
[2]
Aeschylus fr. 137 Nauck.
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; ethics; religion; tragedy
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 23 August 1998@16:23:12.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abdêra
Adler number: alpha,26
Translated headword: Abdera
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The sea, and a name of a city[1] and 'Abderite' [is] the citizen [of it].[2]
Also Phalera and
Kythera [sc. are spelled with
eta]; but Gadeira, Stageira, Topeira, and Dobeira [sc. are spelled with
epsiloniota].[3]
Greek Original:Abdêra: hê thalassa, kai onoma poleôs kai Abdêritês ho politês. kai Phalêra kai Kuthêra. Gadeira de kai Stageira kai Topeira kai Dobeira.
Notes:
[1] Actually, as
Stephanus of
Byzantium and others noted, there were two cities called
Abdera: one, the present-day Avdira, in northern Greece (Barrington Atlas map 51 grid D3; RE I.22-23; OCD(4) s.v.); the other, the present-day Adra, in southern
Spain (Barrington Atlas map 27 grid B5). But the idea of
Abdera as 'the sea' is unintelligible.
[2] Similarly glossed in the
Etymologicum Magnum and the
Lexicon Ambrosianum. An "Abderite" could also signify someone generically stupid: see LSJ s.v.
*)abdhri/ths (web address 1 below).
[3] These six city-names (whether spelled with an eta, like
Abdera, or epsilon-iota; there would have been little difference in pronounciation by the time of the Suda) generate an ethnikon in the same way. See also
delta 1318,
sigma 977. This part of the entry, Adler reports, is lacking in mss A (= Parisinus 2625), G (= Parisinus 2623), and T (= Vaticanus 881).
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; geography
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 23 August 1998@16:24:49.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abdiou
Adler number: alpha,27
Translated headword: Abdiou, Obadiah
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Proper name.
Greek Original:Abdiou: onoma kurion.
Notes:
Same entry, according to Adler, in the
Ambrosian Lexicon (30).
Accented as it is (oxytone), presumably nominative. The book of the prophet Obadiah in the
Septuagint has the title
*a*b*d*i*o*u and
*(/orasis *)abdiou "Obadiah's Vision"; the Hebrew name is indeclinable and accentless.
Hesychius gives the name as oxytone, with the gloss
e(rmhneu/etai dou=los e)comologhto/s "it is interpreted as acknowledged servant."
Keywords: biography; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; religion
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 23 August 1998@16:25:23.
Vetted by:
Headword:
Abebaios
Adler number: alpha,28
Translated headword: unreliable, unsteady
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning he who/that which is] unstable and easily overturned.
Greek Original:Abebaios: ho astathês kai eumetatreptos.
Notes:
Keywords: definition; ethics
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 23 August 1998@16:26:12.
Vetted by:William Hutton (Modified translation, set keyword and status) on 20 January 2001@23:04:33.
Catharine Roth (Added link.) on 21 January 2001@01:32:39.
David Whitehead (added x-refs; cosmetics) on 9 June 2003@07:11:20.
Catharine Roth (augmented note, removed link) on 4 October 2007@01:20:48.
David Whitehead (another hw option; modified note) on 19 December 2011@06:41:50.
David Whitehead (another keyword; cosmetics) on 2 April 2015@09:07:22.
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